final question 6

Plate boundaries are found at the edge of the lithospheric plates and are of three types, convergent, divergent and conservative. Divergent boundary is spreading center. At these boundaries, two plates move away from one another. As the two move apart, mid-ocean ridges are created as magma from the mantle comes up through a crack in the oceanic crust and cools. This causes the growth of oceanic crust on either side of the vents. As the plates continue to move, more crust is formed, and the ocean basin expands and a ridge system is created. Divergent boundaries are responsible in part for driving the motion of the plates. Convergence: coming together or joining at a common point. http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate4.htm
Mount Everest, Kanchenjnngs, and others mountains formed at convergent plate boundaries. A convergent boundary, also known as a convergent plate boundary or a destructive plate boundary, is an actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide.
When two plates move toward one another, they form either a subduction zone or a continental collision. It depends on the nature of the plates involved. In a subduction zone, the subducting plate, a plate with oceanic crust, moves beneath the other plate, which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust. During collisions between two continental plates, large mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas are formed. A transform fault is a fault which runs along the boundary of a tectonic plate. The relative motion of such plates is horizontal in either sinistral or dextral direction. Most transform faults are found on the ocean floor, where they often offset active spreading ridges to form a zigzag plate boundary. The most well known transform faults are found on land. The San Andreas fault in California is a major transform fault. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_boundary
Plate tectonics are what form mostly everything as in hills, mountains, ridges, etc. in this world. It all works with however the plates decide to move.
There are also three types of volcanoes: Shield, stratovolcano, and cinder cones. A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a volcanic vent. The rock fragments are glassy and contain numerous gas bubbles "frozen" into place as magma exploded into the air and then cooled quickly. Cinder cones range in size from tens to hundreds of meters tall. Cinder cones are made of pyroclastic material. A shield volcano is a large volcano with shallow-sloping sides. Shield volcanoes are formed by lava flows of low viscosity. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. The largest in terms of area covered is Mauna Loa of Hawaii; the tallest measured from its base under the ocean, however, is Mauna Kea of Hawaii. A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano, is a tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These kinds of volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic.
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Ninety percent of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a direct result and consequence of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of crustal plates. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire
There really is no use for this info in the future unless you become some type of scientist. But it will allow you to klnow more about where certain things in this world came from. There really isnt a core democratic value to go with this either.

question 5

Our universe has a topology scale of at least 24 Gpc, or about 75 billion light years. http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/685-1.html
Our universe is a large and unimaginable expanse of dust, gas, stars, clouds, galaxies, and life. If you could look at the entire universe at once it would look like a giant spider web, made up of billions of galaxies, and trillions and trillions of stars. http://www.kidsastronomy.com/universe.htm Astronomical observations indicate that the universe is 13.73 ± 0.12 billion years old and at least 93 billion light years across. The Big Bang is a cosmological model of the universe that has become well supported by several independent observations. The big bang theory proposes that the universe was once extremely compact, dense, and hot. Some original event, a cosmic explosion called the big bang, occurred about 13.7 billion years ago, and the universe has since been expanding and cooling. The balance between gravity compression and outward thermal pressure controls the rate of the nuclear fusion reactions.
I don't realy know how this will be helpful in the future. Just allows you to know more about where you live.

Final Exam question 1

Geosphere is often used to refer to the densest parts of Earth, which consist mostly of rock and regolith. The dense geosphere is also subdivided into the crust, mantle, and core. The Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earth's gravity. The Earth's hydrosphere consists of water in all forms: the ocean (which is the bulk of the hydrosphere), other surface waters including inland seas, lakes, and rivers; rain; underground water; ice and atmospheric water vapor. The biosphere is the part of the Earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes alter or transform. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere AND http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphere....
When humans do certain things like cause air pollution it affects many things. For one air pollution would affect the geoosphere because all the gases will go into the air and pollute. Then this affects the hydrosphere because the air pollution mixes with the evaporated water and can cause acid rain. The biosphere is then affected because the acid rain and air pollution is absorbed by plants and therefore animals and plants die because of all of the pollution. Again the atmosphere is polluted from all of the gas we burn, the pollution set off from buildings, and certain industries we have.
As you can see everything we do affects the Earth in one way or another. When you do something to hurt one system, all systems are affected. In the future i will remember that everything i do affects everything in tis world. What you do affects the LIFE of the people. Some things cause cancer to others, some things you do affects the Earth so much that people are affected because things die out.